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<title>Programmable ROM</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Programmable ROM</span></span>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Computer memory</a> and <a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage</a> types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_access_pattern" title="Memory access pattern">Memory access pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_map" title="Memory map">Memory map</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage#Secondary_storage" title="Computer data storage">Secondary storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">MOS memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">floating-gate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_availability" title="Continuous availability">Continuous availability</a></li>

<li><a href="Areal_density_(computer_storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal density (computer storage)">Areal density (computer storage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">Block (data storage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct-attached_storage" title="Direct-attached storage">Direct-attached storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">Network-attached storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage area network</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage">Block-level storage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single-instance_storage" title="Single-instance storage">Single-instance storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Structured data</a></li>

<li><a href="Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">Unstructured data</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">Data corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Data cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">Data degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Data integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_validation" title="Data validation">Data validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_validation_and_reconciliation" title="Data validation and reconciliation">Data validation and reconciliation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Data recovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cluster">Data cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">Directory</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">Shared resource</a></li>

<li><a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="File_system" title="File system">File system</a></li>

<li><a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered file system</a></li>

<li><a href="Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed file system</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_data_store" title="Distributed data store">Distributed data store</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li>

<li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_storage" title="Data storage">Data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_store" title="Data store">Data store</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Data redundancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">Replication (computing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_refresh" title="Memory refresh">Memory refresh</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_record" title="Storage record">Storage record</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_repository" title="Information repository">Information repository</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">Knowledge base</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">Computer file</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_file" title="Object file">Object file</a></li>

<li><a href="File_deletion" title="File deletion">File deletion</a></li>

<li><a href="File_copying" title="File copying">File copying</a></li>

<li><a href="Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_transfer" title="Information transfer">Information transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_file" title="Temporary file">Temporary file</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">Volume (computing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">Boot sector</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">Volume boot record</a></li>

<li><a href="GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_array" title="Disk array">Disk array</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_image" title="Disk image">Disk image</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">Disk mirroring</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_aggregation" title="Disk aggregation">Disk aggregation</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Disk partitioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">Memory segmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Locality_of_reference" title="Locality of reference">Locality of reference</a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_disk" title="Logical disk">Logical disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_virtualization" title="Storage virtualization">Storage virtualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory-mapped_file" title="Memory-mapped file">Memory-mapped file</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_entropy" class="mw-redirect" title="Software entropy">Software entropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_rot" title="Software rot">Software rot</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory database</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_processing" title="In-memory processing">In-memory processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">Persistence (computer science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">Persistent data structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-RAID_drive_architectures" title="Non-RAID drive architectures">Non-RAID drive architectures</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li>

<li><a href="Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">Bank switching</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Fog_computing" title="Fog computing">Fog computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">Edge computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Amdahl's_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Moore's_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Kryder#Kryder's_law_projection" title="Mark Kryder">Kryder's law</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Volatile_memory" title="Volatile memory">Volatile</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)#HARDWARE" title="Cache (computing)">Hardware cache</a>

<ul><li><a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="EDRAM" title="EDRAM">eDRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">SDRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory#Synchronous_Graphics_RAM_(SGRAM)" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">SGRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="LPDDR" title="LPDDR">LPDDR</a></li>

<li><a href="Quad_Data_Rate_SRAM" title="Quad Data Rate SRAM">QDRSRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">ReRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Content-addressable_memory" title="Content-addressable memory">Content-addressable memory</a> (CAM)</li>

<li><a href="Computational_RAM" title="Computational RAM">Computational RAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual-ported_RAM" title="Dual-ported RAM">Dual-ported RAM</a>

<ul><li><a href="Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams–Kilburn tube</a> (1946–1947)</li>

<li><a href="Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">Delay-line memory</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Mellon_optical_memory" title="Mellon optical memory">Mellon optical memory</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a> (1952)</li>

<li><a href="Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Non-volatile</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Diode_matrix" title="Diode matrix">Diode matrix</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></li>

<li><a href="EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a> (SSS)

<ul><li><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> is used in:</li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drive</a> (SSD)</li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">Solid-state hybrid drive</a> (SSHD)</li>

<li><a href="USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">IBM FlashSystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_Core_Module" title="Flash Core Module">Flash Core Module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a>

<ul><li><a href="Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li>

<li><a href="CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a></li>

<li><a href="MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartMedia" title="SmartMedia">SmartMedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">Universal Flash Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">Programmable metallization cell</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li>

<li><a href="Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">PCM</a> (<a href="3D_XPoint" title="3D XPoint">3D XPoint</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">Electrochemical RAM</a> (ECRAM)</li>

<li><a href="Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early-stage <a href="Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FeRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">ReRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe_FET" title="Fe FET">FeFET memory</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex videotape</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">Magnetic recording</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">Magnetic-tape data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">Tape drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_library" title="Tape library">Tape library</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">Digital Data Storage</a> (DDS)</li>

<li><a href="Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a></li>

<li><a href="Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li>

<li><a href="8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">8 mm video format</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniDV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiniDV">MiniDV</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li>

<li><a href="U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li>

<li><a href="LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (CDDA)</li>

<li><a href="CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a></li>

<li><a href="Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical discs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></li>

<li><a href="DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">In development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">ECRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Patterned_media" title="Patterned media">Patterned media</a></li>

<li><a href="Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_quantum_holography" title="Electronic quantum holography">Electronic quantum holography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="5D_optical_data_storage" title="5D optical data storage">5D optical data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="DNA_digital_data_storage" title="DNA digital data storage">DNA digital data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_memory" title="Universal memory">Universal memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_memory" title="Quantum memory">Quantum memory</a></li>

<li><a href="UltraRAM" title="UltraRAM">UltraRAM</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a> (1725)</li>

<li><a href="Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1725)</li>

<li><a href="Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a> (1725)</li>

<li><a href="Plugboard" title="Plugboard">Plugboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">Drum memory</a> (1932)</li>

<li><a href="Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">Magnetic-core memory</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Plated-wire_memory" title="Plated-wire memory">Plated-wire memory</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Core_rope_memory" title="Core rope memory">Core rope memory</a> (1960s)</li>

<li><a href="Thin-film_memory" title="Thin-film memory">Thin-film memory</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Twistor_memory" title="Twistor memory">Twistor memory</a> (~1968)</li>

<li><a href="Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">Bubble memory</a> (~1970)</li>

<li><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a> (1971)</li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p>A <b>programmable read-only memory</b> (<b>PROM</b>) is a form of digital memory where the contents can be changed once after manufacture of the device. The data is then permanent. It is one type of <a href="Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> (ROM). PROMs are usually used in digital electronic devices to store low level programs such as <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> or <a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a>. PROMs may be used during development of a system that will ultimately be converted to ROMs in a mass produced version. These types of memories are used in <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, <a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, mobile phones, radio-frequency identification (<a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a>) tags, implantable medical devices, high-definition multimedia interfaces (<a href="HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>), and in many other consumer and automotive products.

</p><p>PROMs are manufactured blank and, depending on the technology, can be programmed at the wafer, final test, or system stage. Blank PROM chips are programmed by plugging them into a device called a <i>PROM programmer</i>. A typical PROM device has an array of memory cells. The <a href="Bipolar_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar transistor">bipolar transistors</a> in the cells have an emitter that is connected to a <a href="Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">fuse</a> called a <a href="Polyfuse_(PROM)" title="Polyfuse (PROM)">polyfuse</a>. To program a PROM is to strategically blow the polyfuses.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The PROM was invented in 1956 by <a href="Wen_Tsing_Chow" title="Wen Tsing Chow">Wen Tsing Chow</a>, working for the Arma Division of the American <a href="Bosch_(company)" title="Bosch (company)">Bosch</a> Arma Corporation in <a href="Garden_City%2C_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City</a>, <a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AufaureZimányi2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AufaureZimányi2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention was conceived at the request of the <a href="United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> to come up with a more flexible and secure way of storing the targeting constants in the Atlas E/F <a href="ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBM</a>'s airborne digital computer. The patent and associated technology were held under secrecy order for several years while the Atlas E/F was the main operational missile of the United States ICBM force. The term <i>burn</i>, referring to the process of programming a PROM, is also in the original patent, as one of the original implementations was to literally burn the internal whiskers of diodes with a current overload to produce a circuit discontinuity. The first PROM programming machines were also developed by Arma engineers under Chow's direction and were located in Arma's Garden City lab and Air Force <a href="Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC) headquarters.

</p><p>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_time_programmable_memory">One time programmable memory</h3></div>

<p>OTP (one time programmable) memory is a special type of <a href="Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a> (NVM) that permits data to be written to memory only once. Once the memory has been programmed, it retains its value upon loss of power (i.e., is non-volatile). OTP memory is used in applications where reliable and repeatable reading of data is required. Examples include boot code, encryption keys and configuration parameters for analog, sensor or display circuitry. OTP NVM is characterized, over other types of NVM like <a href="EFuse" title="EFuse">eFuse</a> or EEPROM, by offering a low power, small area footprint memory structure. As such, OTP memory finds application in products from microprocessors & display drivers to power management ICs (PMICs).

</p><p>Commercially available semiconductor antifuse-based OTP memory arrays have been around at least since 1969, with initial antifuse bit cells dependent on blowing a capacitor between crossing conductive lines. <a href="Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> developed a MOS <a href="Gate_oxide" title="Gate oxide">gate oxide</a> breakdown antifuse in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dual-gate-oxide two-transistor (2T) MOS antifuse was introduced in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early oxide breakdown technologies exhibited a variety of scaling, programming, size and manufacturing problems that prevented volume production of memory devices based on these technologies.

</p><p>Another form of one-time programmable memory device uses the same semiconductor chip as an ultraviolet-<a href="EPROM" title="EPROM">erasable programmable read-only memory</a> (UV-EPROM), but the finished device is put into an opaque package, instead of the expensive ceramic package with transparent quartz window required for erasing. These devices are programmed with the same methods as the UV EPROM parts but are less costly. Embedded controllers may be available in both field-erasable and one-time styles, allowing a cost saving in volume production without the expense and lead time of factory-programmed mask ROM chips. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although antifuse-based PROM has been available for decades, it wasn’t available in standard <a href="CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> until 2001 when Kilopass Technology Inc. patented 1T, 2T, and 3.5T antifuse bit cell technologies using a standard CMOS process, enabling integration of PROM into logic CMOS chips. The first process node antifuse can be implemented in standard CMOS is 0.18 um. Since the gate oxide breakdown is less than the junction breakdown, special diffusion steps were not required to create the antifuse programming element. In 2005, a split channel antifuse device<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced by Sidense. This split channel bit cell combines the thick (IO) and thin (gate) oxide devices into one transistor (1T) with a common <a href="Polycrystalline_silicon" title="Polycrystalline silicon">polysilicon</a> gate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming">Programming</h2></div>

<p>A typical PROM comes with all bits reading as "1". Burning a fuse bit during programming causes the bit to be read as "0" by "blowing" the fuses, which is an irreversible process. Some devices can be "reprogrammed" if the new data replaces "1"s with "0"s. Some CPU instruction sets (e.g. <a href="MOS_Technology_6502#Bugs_and_quirks" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a>) took advantage of this by defining a break (BRK) instruction with the operation code of '00'. In cases where there was an incorrect instruction, it could be "reprogrammed" to a BRK causing the CPU to transfer control to a patch. This would execute the correct instruction and return to the instruction after the BRK.

</p><p>The bit cell is programmed by applying a high-voltage pulse not encountered during a normal operation across the gate and substrate of the thin oxide transistor (around 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>V for a 2 nm thick oxide, or 30<span class="nowrap"> </span>MV/cm) to break down the oxide between gate and substrate. The positive voltage on the transistor's gate forms an inversion channel in the substrate below the gate, causing a tunneling current to flow through the oxide. The current produces additional traps in the oxide, increasing the current through the oxide and ultimately melting the oxide and forming a conductive channel from gate to substrate. The current required to form the conductive channel is around 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>μA/100<span class="nowrap"> </span>nm<sup>2</sup> and the breakdown occurs in approximately 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>μs or less.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Intel_HEX" title="Intel HEX">Intel HEX</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2018" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Jerry C. (3 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9VHMBQAAQBAJ&dq=prom+fuse&pg=PA760"><i>The Electronics Handbook</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4200-3666-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Huang2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huang2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHan-Way_Huang2008" class="citation book cs1">Han-Way Huang (5 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zRtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Embedded System Design with C805</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 22. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-111-81079-5</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427092847/https://books.google.com/books?id=3zRtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AufaureZimányi2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AufaureZimányi2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarie-Aude_AufaureEsteban_Zimányi2013" class="citation book cs1">Marie-Aude Aufaure; Esteban Zimányi (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iK5BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA136"><i>Business Intelligence: Second European Summer School, eBISS 2012, Brussels, Belgium, July 15-21, 2012, Tutorial Lectures</i></a>. Springer. p. 136. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-36318-4</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427092847/https://books.google.com/books?id=7iK5BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=4184207&idkey=NONE">US Patent 4184207</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427183945/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=4184207&idkey=NONE">Archived</a> 2018-04-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - High density floating gate electrically programmable ROM, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=4151021&idkey=NONE">US Patent 4151021</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427092847/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=4151021&idkey=NONE">Archived</a> 2018-04-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Method of making a high density floating gate electrically programmable ROM</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipestimate.com/techtalk/techtalk_071218.html">Chip Planning Portal</a>. ChipEstimate.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-10.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Arnold, "Embedded Controller Hardware Design", Newnes, 2004, ISBN 1-878707-52-3, page 102</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=7402855&idkey=NONE">US Patent 7402855</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051044/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=7402855&idkey=NONE">Archived</a> 2015-09-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> split channel antifuse device</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWlodek_Kurjanowicz2008" class="citation web cs1">Wlodek Kurjanowicz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025935/http://www.sidense.com/images/stories/designcon_8_a_eval_embedded_nvm_65nm_and_beyond.pdf">"Evaluating Embedded Non-Volatile Memory for 65nm and Beyond"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidense.com/images/stories/designcon_8_a_eval_embedded_nvm_65nm_and_beyond.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_inteldataBMay77_21293903">1977 Intel Memory Design Handbook</a> - archive.org</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812120201/http://www.intel-vintage.info/intelmemory.htm">Intel PROM datasheets</a> - intel-vintage.info</li>

<li>View the US "Switch Matrix" Patent #3028659 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=03028659&idkey=NONE">US Patent Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016080757/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=03028659&idkey=NONE">Archived</a> 2015-10-16 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3028659">Google</a></li>

<li>View Kilopass Technology Patent US "High density semiconductor memory cell and memory array using a single transistor and having variable gate oxide breakdown" Patent #6940751 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=6940751&idkey=NONE">US Patent Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051044/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=6940751&idkey=NONE">Archived</a> 2015-09-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6940751">Google</a></li>

<li>View Sidense US "Split Channel Antifuse Array Architecture" Patent #7402855 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=7402855&idkey=NONE">US Patent Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051044/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=7402855&idkey=NONE">Archived</a> 2015-09-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060244099">Google</a></li>

<li>View the US "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Integrated Circuits" Patent #3634929 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=3634929&idkey=NONE">US Patent Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051044/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=3634929&idkey=NONE">Archived</a> 2015-09-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3634929">Google</a></li>

<li>CHOI et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081031153339/http://www.ee.ucla.edu/~ipl/New_Non-Volatile_Memory_Structures_for_FPGA_Architectures.pdf">"New Non-Volatile Memory Structures for FPGA Architectures"</a></li>

<li>For the Advantages and Disadvantages table, see Ramamoorthy, G: "Dataquest Insight: Nonvolatile Memory IP Market, Worldwide, 2008-2013", page 10. Gartner, 2009</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></li>

<li><a href="EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2019/07/looking-inside-1970s-prom-chip-that.html">Looking inside a 1970s PROM chip that stores data in microscopic fuse</a> - shows die of a 256x4 MMI 5300 PROM</li></ul>

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